Predictable variations in the pronunciation of morphemes. For instance, the plural morpheme in English is /s/ following nouns ending in an unvoiced sound (e.g. cats) and /z/ following a voiced sound (e.g. dogs).

A morpheme that cannot stand alone but needs to be attached to a free morpheme. The word premeasured contains two bound morphemes: pre- and -ed.

A syntactic unit that can be analyzed into clause functions. For instance, The car is old is a clause because it contains a subject, The car; a predicator, is; and a subject complement, old.

A type of vowel occurring within a single syllable whose quality changes during its articulation. Examples of diphthongs in English include the middle sounds in words such as house /haυs/ and fight /faIt/.

A structure occurring within some other structure. In the phrase, the leader of the company, of the company is a prepositional phrase occurring within a noun phrase. Therefore, the prepositional phrase is embedded in the noun phrase.

A manner of articulation associated with consonants such as /s/ in sip and /z/ in zip in which the airstream is constricted in the oral cavity, lead- ing to a certain degree of turbulence.

Grammar:

The study of rules of language at various levels of structure, from the individual speech sound up to the level of the sentence. A grammar of English, for instance, would contain all the rules necessary for studying the structure of the English language.

Hypernym:

A word whose meaning would include the meaning of a more specific word. For instance, the word flower is a hypernym of tulip because the meaning of tulip is included in the meaning of the more general word flower. Compare with hyponym.

Isolating 

Lax Vowel

A vowel such as /i/ in bit and // in back can only occur in a closed syllable.

Minimal Pairs

Words that differ by only one sound in the same position (e.g. fit /fIt/ and kit /kIt/). Minimal pairs are useful for determining which sounds in a language are phonemes.

Nasal

A manner of articulation associated with consonants, such as /m/ in moon, during whose articulation the air flows through the nasal cavity.