Data collection methods, techniques and instruments/tools

Methods

Seeks to gather descriptive data that explore experiences, behaviors or concepts.

This flexible and subjective approach often involves thematic analysis, allowing for deeper insights into participants' perspectives and motivations.

Quantitative Research 

Focuses on collecting numerical data to quantify variables and measure patterns. This structured, objective approach often involves statistical analysis, making it suitable for large-scale studies that require generalizable results.

echniques 

Techniques are the methods, skills or procedures used to achieve a specific result in various areas of life.

QUANTITATIVE:

QUALITATIVE:

Interview: A direct conversation with a participant.

Focus Group: A moderated group discussion designed to generate rich data.

Unstructured Observation: Flexibly observing subjects in their natural environment to capture spontaneous behaviors and unexpected insights.

Document Analysis: Examining existing documents to extract data and understand context.

Instruments/tools

Techniques are the methods or strategies you use to gather information, while instruments (or tools) are the specific things you use to carry out those techniques.

Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis

Surveys

 Is a systematic process of gathering data from a sample of individuals through questionnaires or interviews, aiming to understand the characteristics, opinions, or behaviors of a larger group. 

Tool: Questionnaire (includes questions, scales, response options).

Interviews are a direct data collection technique that allows researchers to obtain sensitive and detailed information, facilitating a deep understanding of the perspectives and nuances in participants' responses.

Interviews

Types of interviews 

A standardized interview using closed-ended questions to collect quantitative data.

A flexible interview combining fixed and open-ended questions to gather both qualitative and quantitative insights.

An informal, open-ended interview focused on exploring deep qualitative insights without a set format.

Observation

Observation is one way to collect primary data. Observation is a purposeful, systematic and selective way of watching and listening to an interaction or phenomenon as it takes place.

Participant Observation

Researchers actively participate in the activity or group they are observing, gaining an insider's perspective. 

Non-participant observation 

Involves researchers observing a group or situation without directly interacting or participating in its activities.

T

Y

P

E

S

Recording observations

*Narrative recording:This involves detailed descriptive accounts of events or behaviors, often using everyday language and short sentences.

*Using scales:Measurement involves rating scales, where behaviors or characteristics 

*Categorical recording: This involves grouping observations into categories, often using nominal or ordinal scales

*Recording on electronic devices: Audio or video recording of observations.

Situations in which observations can be made

Natural observation involves no interference; controlled observation introduces a stimulus to observe reactions.