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   Beta

* Beta particles are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted by 

certain types of radioactive nuclei 

* The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation also known as beta 

rays.

* They are designated by the Greek letter beta (β). 

Alpha 

* Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a 

particle identical to a helium nucleus.

* Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α.

* The nomenclature is not well defined, and thus not all high-velocity helium nuclei 

are considered by all authors to be alpha particles.

Gamma

* Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays,

* Gamma rays are ionizing radiation, and are thus biologically hazardous.

*They are classically produced by the decay of atomic nuclei as they transition from 

a high energy state to a lower state known as gamma decay

* Half life- A fixed time required for half the 

radioactive nuclei in a substance to decay.

* Imagine we have an undiscovered element, Parentium, that 

has a radioactive isotope, Parentium-123, which decays to 

stable Daughterium-123. This is the only way Parentium-123 

decays, and there is no other source of Daughterium-123. 

Furthermore, Parentium and Daughterium are so different in 

chemical properties that they don't otherwise occur together.

* In other words there was originally 4 parts per million 

Parentium-123 and 0 parts per million Daughterium-123. 

Since there is now only 1/4 of the original amount of 

Parentium-123, we know that two half-lives of   Parentium-123 

have elapsed.

*If there were such a pair of isotopes, radiometric dating would be 

very simple. We could be sure that a mineral containing parentium 

originally had no daughterium.

Fission- is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in 

which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).

*Nuclear bombs work by fission. A core of $_{92}^{235}\text{U}$ is 

forced to undergo fission when a uranium bullet fires into the core on 

detonation, forcing the core to critical mass.

*Nuclear power plants generate power by fission reactions. Fuel rods 

enriched with $_{92}^{235}\text{U}$, an isotope of uranium that 

can undergo fission, are used to heat water or steam. The water or 

steam goes on to power a steam turbine. A containment vessel 

surrounds the reactor so no radiation escapes. In 2008, around 8.5% 

of U.S. electrical energy was produced by nuclear power plants.

Fusion- the process or result of joining two or more things together to 

form a single entity.

*Because of their slow movement in relation to one another, solid 

particles exert strong attractions; yet as slowly as they move, solid 

particles do move—as is the case with all forms of matter at the 

atomic level. Whereas the particles in a liquid or gas move fast 

enough to be in relative motion with regard to one another, however, 

solid particles merely vibrate from a fixed position.

*the motion and attraction of particles in matter has a direct effect on 

thermal energy, and thus on heat and temperature. The cooler the 

solid, the slower and weaker the vibrations, and the closer the 

particles are to one another. Thus, most types of matter contract 

when freezing, and their density increases. Absolute zero, or 0K on 

the Kelvin scale of temperature—equal to −459.67°F (−273°C)—is 

the point at which vibration virtually ceases.

1945 Hiroshima

1945 Nagasaki

Techa River

* Bomb dropped by US during WWII and spread chemicals. 

* Dropped a bomb and spread to two cities. 

*From 1949 to 1956 the Mayak complex[1] dumped an estimated 76 million 

cubic metres (2.7×109 cu ft) of radioactive waste water into the Techa River, a 

cumulative dispersal of 2.75 MCi (102 PBq) of radioactivity.

Glossary

Beta Particle- a fast-moving electron emitted by radioactive decay of 

substances.

Alpha Particle- a helium nucleus emitted by some radioactive substances, 

originally regarded as a ray.

Gamma Particle- are ionizing radiation, and are thus biologically 

hazardous.

Half life- A fixed time required for half the radioactive nuclei in a substance to decay.

Fission- is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom 

splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).

Fusion- the process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single 

entity.

Speed- the rate at which someone or something is able to move or operate.

Average speed- as the distance traveled divided by the time elapsed.

Velocity- the speed of something in a given direction.

Acceleration- increase in the rate or speed of something.

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