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Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Bella and 

she loved to learn. She was very bright and her role model 

was the physicist Albert Einstein who is known for his 

theory of relativity. His theories had even helped create the 

atomic bomb! Bella also looked up to other scientists 

including Tycho Brahe, Newton, and Johannes Kepler. Bella 

loved learning about science and how things on Earth occur. 

For instance, she loved learning about gravity, erosion, and 

global mechanisms that made life on Earth possible. She 

was very curious and wanted to know as much about 

science as possible. One day she stumbled on a metal rod 

sticking up from the ground in her backyard. After hours of 

digging she accumulated a large pile of soil. At first she 

thought the metal could be a pipe for groundwater, but she 

kept digging. The area had turned from a metal rod to a 

fully visible machine!

Bella was curious about the machine and when 

she touched it a flashing light turned on which 

indicated the machine still worked! Initially, she 

was inclined to run and get her mom, but she 

ignored the stress of possibly getting into trouble 

and started interacting with the machine. In an 

abrupt fashion the screen displayed words that 

read, "What about life and science do you want to 

know?" As Bella read the question her mind 

raced with excitement because there was so 

much

she wanted to learn!

She touched the screen and a list of options appeared. The list 

read, "Life, Earth, Atmosphere, Environment, Precipitation," and 

it continued for pages. Bella clicked on Dinosaur and she was 

transported to the time period of Dinosaurs. A scientist walked up 

to her and introduced herself, "Hi Bella my name is Dr. Johnson 

and I am a paleontologist, meaning I study dinosaurs." Dr. 

Johnson went on to explain how she had studied and measured 

many Dinosaur fossils to learn about how they lived and how 

they became extinct. Bella used a technique she knew scientist 

used and she began asking lots of questions, "Dr. Johnson how 

did dinosaurs become extinct? Was it climate change or did the 

dinosaurs come in contact with a major  

   sickness?"

Dr. Johnson replied, "Well Bella there is a lot of debate 

about how they went extinct and there are varying 

hypotheses that have been suggested. That is why it is 

important as scientist to record data, reflect on findings, 

conduct analysis, and present significant research." Dr. 

Johnson explained to Bella that the Dinosaurs had gone 

extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. The most 

popular theories have been focused on climate change, 

lowering sea level, and moving continents. Some 

scientist argue that a meteorite struck Earth which led to 

an imbalance in the food chain. With many theories it is 

hard to know the exact trigger of extinction, 

theoretically there could have been many causes that led 

to their demise. 

Bella and Dr. Johnson observed the roaming dinosaurs in 

the distance. Dr. Johnson explained how scientist had 

created different time frames. She said, "There is the 

Cenozoic Era which is known as "The age of Mammals." 

There is also the Phanerozoic Eon which represents the 

period of multicellular animal life on Earth. This Eon 

includes the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic eras. The 

Cenozoic era includes three periods that are further broken 

down into epochs, including the Holocene Epoch which is 

"The Age of Man." After Dr. Johnson answered Bella's 

questions they explored the terrain for the duration of her 

trip and Bella observed the variation in the dinosaurs 

features. She also observed wetlands, a valley, and a 

stream in the region.

Bella tried to absorb her surroundings as much as she 

could because she knew she would want to describe 

everything to her friends. She wanted to tell her friends 

her story and include that she had been to the location 

where dinosaurs inhabited. She then told Dr. Johnson 

thank you, but that she had to be getting home or she 

would be in gigantic trouble. Bella transported herself 

home and made it just time for dinner. After dinner 

Bella was out of energy and had reached her capacity 

for learning for that day. She went straight to bed to get 

rest and recharge. The next day Bella woke up 

abnormally early because she knew she had an 

adventure waiting. She pondered what she would 

explore next as she shoveled her breakfast down. She 

decided to click on Earth!

Bella was transported to Hawaii where Dr. Green awaited her 

arrival. "Hi Bella I'm Dr. Green. I am a geologist and I like to 

study the Earth's composition, structures, and many processes." 

Bella smiled and knew today would be an event to remember! 

"So Bella what do you want to know?" Bella replied, "Well, I 

really want to about volcanoes!" Dr. Green said, "Awesome 

Bella we are in the perfect place to learn about volcanoes. Did 

you know the Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanoes? 

Did you also know that Hawaii is a tropical climate, but it can 

experience different climates due to altitude and weather?" As 

they walked he explained how Hawaii is volcanic in origin and 

each island is made of at least one volcano, but many are 

composites of more than one. He also told her how Mauna Loa 

is the tallest volcano and it began growing underwater on the 

ocean floor!

He also explained how shield volcanoes, which have a slope shape, 

are produced from lava flows and how lava erupts from volcanic 

vents. "Did you know Bella when lava is still in the Earth it is 

referred to as magma? And lava that is smooth, ropey,and unbroken 

is called Pahoehoe. Also rock that contains or consist of lava and 

magma are called igneous rock." Bella said,"Wow that is really 

interesting Dr. Green but I still wonder how volcanoes made 

islands?" "Great question Bella! The Earth's crust and upper mantle 

is made up of a series of tectonic plates that move over the surface 

of the planet. The areas where plates come together sometimes will 

form volcanoes. Subduction zones are known to have high rates of 

volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. They can also 

form in the middle of a plate where magma rises upward until it 

erupts on the sea floor, at what is called a Hot spot."

Bella asked, "So Hawaiian islands form when two plates 

collide or from a Hot spot?" Dr.Green explained how 

Hawaiian islands formed and continue to be formed from 

a Hot Spot in the Pacific Ocean. Bella than asked, "How 

do volcanoes work?" Dr. Green explained how there are 

different kinds of volcanoes including composite, cinder 

cone, and shield volcanoes. He told her how volcanoes 

contain a central vent underlying the crater. The central 

vent is connected to the magma chamber which is the 

main storage for eruptive materials. When the volcanoes 

erupt lava creates layers and keeps growing with every 

eruption creating tall mountains. Pyroclastic ash clouds 

that occur during explosive eruptions are very dangerous 

because the hot temperature, they cause fires, and even 

cause landslides.    

After a long day studying geology with Dr.Green Bella felt 

she had an abundant amount of information to transmit to 

her friends. She said good bye and traveled back home just 

in time for lunch! After she ate lunch and drank some 

liquids, including H20, she felt recharged and ready for the 

ultimate adventure. She decided that this time she would put 

her concentration on astronomy and was transported to the 

Griffith Observatory where Dr. Rose awaited her arrival. 

"Hi Bella I am Dr. Rose and I am an astronomer! So what 

do you know about astronomy?" Bella responded, "I know it 

has to do with stars and planets!"

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