Table of contents

Page 3-5: Wounds

Page 6: Injuries

Page 7: Joint/Muscle injuries

Page 8: Respiratory emergencies

page 9: Shock

Page 10-1: heart attack

Page 12: Poisons

Page 13: Weather related illnesses

Page 14: Burns

Page 15: Snake bites

Page 16: Other first aid emergencies

Page 17: sources

Wounds

There are six types of wounds. They are abrasions, incisions, lacerations, punctures, avulsions, and amputations. On this page there will be ways to treat three of the six types of wounds. The first kind of wound is Incisions, commonly called cuts, are wounds made by sharp cutting instruments such as knives, razors, and broken glass. Incisions tend to bleed freely because the blood vessels are cut cleanly and without ragged edges. There is little damage to the surrounding tissues. Of all classes of wounds, incisions are the least likely to become infected, since the free flow of blood washes out many of the microorganisms(germs) that cause infection.

Wounds

The second type of wound is These wounds are torn, rather than cut. They have ragged, irregular edges and masses of torn tissue underneath. These wounds are usually made by blunt, rather than sharp, objects. A wound made by a dull knife, for instance, is more likely to be a laceration than an incision. Bomb fragments often cause laceration. Many of the wounds caused by accidents with machinery are lacerations; they are often complicated by crushing of the tissues as well. Lacerations are frequently contaminated with dirt, grease, or other material that is ground into the tissue; they are therefore very likely to become infected.

The third type of wound is Punctures are caused by objects that penetrate into the tissues while leaving a small surface opening. Wounds made by nails, needles, wire, and bullets are usually punctures. As a rule, small puncture wounds do not bleed freely; however, large puncture wounds may cause severe internal bleeding. The possibility of infection is great in all puncture wounds, especially if the penetrating object has tetanus bacteria on it. To prevent anaerobic infections, primary closures are not made in the case of puncture wounds.

Injuries

When it comes to breaking bones there are two types of breaks, an open break and a closed break. An open break or fracture is when not only the bone is damaged but the skin is broken too. This can cause the bone to protrude out of the skin. A closed fracture or break is when there is a crack in the bone that doesn’t come through the skin but damages the surrounding tissues and muscles. When administering first aid to someone with an open fracture you first call 911 or take them to a doctor as quick as you can. You should not attempt to push the bone back in. You should control the bleeding over the wound but around any protruding bone. You should also try and touch the fracture as little as possible because open fractures have a high risk for infection. To treat a closed fracture, try and immobilize the fractured area and go to a doctor.

Joint/Muscle injuries

The first kind of injury is a sprain. A sprain is wrench or twist the ligaments of (an ankle, wrist, or other joint) violently so as to cause pain and swelling but not dislocation. There are different ways to treat each type of sprain some just require rest and ice while some require a splint or cast. The next type of injury is a pulled muscle a pulled muscle is a stretching or tearing of a muscle or a tissue connecting muscle to bone. A common way to treat pulled muscles is the RICE method which stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. The third kind of injury is a muscle cramp the steps to treating them are 1. stretch out the muscle. 2. apply heat or cold .

Respiratory emergencies

This page will include instructions on how to help a choking person. To help someone who is choking that is over the age of two 1. Stand behind the person and slightly to one side. Support their chest with one hand.2. Give up to five sharp blows between the person's shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.3. Check if the blockage has cleared. 4. If not, give up to five abdominal thrusts. In order to help a baby who is choking hit their back with the palm of your hand until their airway is clear.

Shock

Shock is the insufficient blood flow throughout the body. The other form of shock is diabetic shock or hypoglycemia. Diabetic shock is when there is too much insulin in the body it can occur anytime there is a imbalance of insulin in your body. These are the instructions on how to treat someone in shock 1. Lay the Person Down, if Possible. Elevate the person's feet about 12 inches unless head, neck, or back is injured or you suspect broken hip or leg bones are injured. 2.Begin CPR, if Necessary If the person is not breathing or breathing seems dangerously weak 3.Treat Obvious Injuries. 4. Keep Person Warm and Comfortable. These are the instruction on how to treat someone with diabetic shock Call 911, especially if the person is unconscious.Get sugar into the body immediately. Try a glucose pack or sugar rubbed on the gums and under the tongue.Administer an injection of glucagon if the person is unconscious. If you don’t have glucagon, emergency personnel will have some.  Do not give an unconscious person something to swallow as they may choke on it.

Heart attack

This page will be about the signs and symptoms of a heart attack and how to preform CPR. The signs of a heart attack are pain or discomfort in the chest, Lightheartedness and nausea, jaw neck or back pain, discomfort or pain in the arm or shoulder, and shortness of breath. Signs can very between men and women whereas women more commonly have the signs such as jaw, neck, and back pain and nausea and vomiting. There are different ways to give CPR to different age groups. Before preforming CPR check that the surrounding area is safe and call 911. First start compressions place the heel of your hand on the center of the persons chest and place your other hand on top. keep your arms straight and your shoulders over your hands. This should be fast about 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Next check if the airway is clear by tilting their head back and see if they are breathing if not pinch their nose shut and give two rescue breaths.