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Table of Contents

Part I- Galaxies.... page 1

Part II- Life Cycle of a Star.... page 6

Part III- Constellations.... page 12

Bibliography.... page 15

There are billions of galaxies in our universe, 

many of them which are unknown to man. 

Galaxies are a huge cluster of millions of 

stars, gas,and dust. 

There are three different kind of galaxies- 

elliptical galaxies, spiral galaxies, and irregular 

galaxies. Each galaxy is unique and different 

in their own way.

Elliptical galaxies are the oldest out of the three kinds of 

galaxies. Their shape is similar to the one of a football 

(rounded), and it has a very concentrated center. Elliptical 

galaxies do not contain much gas or dust, and they can be 

small or so huge that the size of the Milky Way could fit 

inside of it. 

Irregular galaxies are usually the youngest out of 

all the galaxies. They have no arms and are in no 

particular shape. Irregular galaxies can be large 

or small in size, and they contain lots of gases and 

cosmic dust.

Spiral galaxies hold up to 200 billion stars, for 

they can be huge. These kinds of galaxies have 

arms, and it is the most common kind of galaxy 

(the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy).

Every star must go through different phases in their lives. If the 

star it is low mass star, it will undergo through the following phases:

Nebula- The nebula contains gas and dust, and it

is known as the birth of a star. The higher the

mass of the star, the more gas and dust will be 

found in the nebula.

Protostar- During the next stage, a star is 

considered a protostar. The middle of the nebula

begins to shrink and get hotter, and a new star

is created. No nuclear fusion is involved in this

process.

Main Sequence- During this phase, the star remains 

unchanged for several billions of years. Our sun is still

considered a main sequence star.

Red Giant- Once the star passes the main sequence

stage, it is depleted of Hydrogen and it expands up to

100 times. The star is now recognized as a red giant.

Planetary Nebula- After the star expands, all the 

helium in he core is used up. The star then shrinks

and blows its outer layer off into space.

White Dwarf- Eventually, gravity crushes the all the

matter in the star. It is now a small planet-sized 

body of immense density, known as a white dwarf.

Black Dwarf- During the last phase of a star's

life, it is considered a black dwarf. All that is 

left of the star is a ball of gas that is not 

capable of nuclear fusion. This star is required

to produce different amounts of energy.

High mass stars go through the same exact phases as low mass stars, 

until after it is a main sequence star. After it becomes a 

main sequence star, high mass stars pass through the following 

stages:

Red Supergiant- If a star is a red supergiant, it is the exact same as 

a red giant, only bigger. 

Supernova- When the nuclear fusion within the 

interior of the star can no longer produce the 

heat required for equilibrium, the star collapses 

and then rebounds in a massive explosion. 

Supernovas are considered the death of a high

mass star. 

Neutron Star- After the large explosion, all 

that is left of the star is its core, which is 

known as the neutron star.

                                 or

Black Hole- After the supernova explosion, the

star can become a neutron star, or it can 

become a black hole. Black holes are an 

incredibly dense object whose gravity is so 

strong that not even light can escape from it. 

Black holes warp space and time around them. 

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