Families

Families are the rows that go up and down. There are 18 of them on the table. An element in the same family as another usually holds the same amount of valence electrons as the other. This means their reactivity is usually similar to each other. 

Periods

Periods are the rows that go left to right. There however are only 7 periods on the table. An element in the same period as another element, has the same energy shells. 

Roles Of Protons

Protons are positively charged elements. They have a mass of 1 amu and they are in the nucleus. Protons determine the identity of the atom.  Protons are what determine the atomic number along with electrons.

Elemental

Properties

There are multiple different types of elements. This includes: Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids. Metals are luster, Malleable, conductive, and ductile. They are usually found in the left and middle of the table. Non-Metals are dull, and brittle. You will generally find these on the right of the table. Finally, Metalloids are properties of both metals and non-metals. They are usually described with the word semi.  They are found in a small area on the right side of the table.

Valence 

Electrons

Valence electrons are on the outer shell. The valence electrons determine the reactivity of the element. If there are 8, the element is not reactive. If it has less than 8, it will be reactive because it is either trying gain or lose an electron. 

Family Names

Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Boron Family, Carbon Family, Nitrogen Family, Oxygen Family, Halogens, and Noble Gases

Alkali Metals

All elements have 1 valence electron. They are good thermal and electrical conductors. They are luster, ductile, and malleable.  

Rb - It is a very soft silvery-white metal. It can be a liquid at ambient temperature.  It is used to get rid of gases from vacuum tubes.

Li - It is a very soft whitish metal. It is the least dense metal. It is used in cars, phones, and laptops. 

Na - It is a reactive, silvery-white metal. It is found in compounds in nature. It is used on food and to clear off ice. 

Alkaline Earth Metals

All elements in this family, have 2 valence electrons. They are highly reactive due to not having a full outer shell. They are also pretty great conductors of electricity. 

Be - It is a lightweight, silvery-white metal. The metal is also soft to the touch. It is used in gears and cogs in the industry. 

Ra - It is also a metal that is silvery-white. The feeling of this metal is also soft. It is mostly used in luminous paint.

Ca - It is also silvery-white like the other metals. It is a soft metal, it also reacts when in contact with water. It is commonly used in things such as milk, and cheese. 

Transition Metals

 They have different electrons spanning from multiple numbers. They are also good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be bent into any object.

Cu - It is a reddish like metal. This metal is ductile and malleable. It is used in things such as copper wire. 

Fe - It is a silvery-white metal. It is very ductile and malleable, also it is lustrous. It is used in things such as surgical instruments and jewelry. 

Zn - It is a bluish-white metal. It is ductile and malleable when heated up. It is used in rubber and medicines

Boron Family

All of the elements found in this family have 3 valence electrons. They are reactive like most groups. 

Al - It is a silvery-white metal. It is a very light weight metal. It also has a low density. It is most often used in packaging food or medicine. 

Ga- It is also a silvery-white metal. It is very soft and can be cut easily. It also has a pretty low melting point. It is most commonly used in electronic circuits. 

Tl - It is a bluish gray metal. It is quite soft and low strength. It has a relatively low melting point. It is used in thermometers.