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Hello class, today we are going to explore 

volcanoes.   First let’s define a volcano?   A 

volcano is any vent in the crust of Earth or 

another planet, or satellite for example the 

moon Io from Jupiter, from which an eruption 

of abundant molten rock, debris, and steam 

that can reach a temperature degree of 2,000 

Fahrenheit, or about 1,250° Celsius can exert.  

This temperature makes the rock liquid, which 

is now known as magma.  

Lava flow is the name for the stream of molten 

rock coming from the volcanic eruption.   Now 

let’s explore what lava is made of?   Lava is 

mainly a compose of the element of silica, and 

oxygen.   They later bond with iron, 

magnesium, potassium, calcium, and other 

elements.  

Deep within earth, the level of temperature 

gets hot enough that with the exposure of the 

heat, it makes the rocks begin to melt.   After 

the rocks are melted and turn into liquid form, 

the volcano then will erupt and they will 

transport to the surface where they will turn 

solid after cooling.  

This rock now becomes an igneous rock, 

igneous meaning solidified from magma and 

lava, and if it is formed below the surface it is 

known as an intrusive (plutonic) rock.

Opposite to igneous rocks, a metamorphic rock 

is made from the transformation of already 

existing rocks, through a process called 

metamorphism.  

Metamorphic means shaped by heat, pressure, 

or other natural sources.   Sediment is a 

naturally occurring material that is broken 

down by a process of weather and erosion, and 

is subsequently transported by the action of 

wind, H2O, or ice, and/or by the force of 

gravity acting on the particle.  

A sedimentary rock is formed from prior 

existing rocks or have some organism that 

once lived present in them.   They form from a 

dense deposit that accumulate that form 

parallel layered bedding.   Sedimentary means 

formed from sediment deposited by H2O or 

air.  

There are three types of sedimentary rocks, 

there are clastic, biological, and chemical.   A 

clastic rock, is made up of eroded pebbles 

surrounded by a matrix of visible finer-grained 

sediment.  

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