Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1881 yılında Selânik'te doğdu. Babası Ali Rıza Efendi, annesi Zübeyde Hanım'dır. Baba tarafından dedesi Hafız Ahmet Efendi XIV-XV. yüzyıllarda Konya ve Aydın'dan Makedonya'ya yerleştirilmiş Kocacık Yörüklerindendir. Annesi Zübeyde Hanım ise Selânik yakınlarındaki Langaza kasabasına yerleşmiş eski bir Türk ailesinin kızıdır. Milis subaylığı, evkaf katipliği ve kereste ticareti yapan Ali Rıza Efendi, 1871 yılında Zübeyde Hanım'la evlendi. Atatürk'ün beş kardeşinden dördü küçük yaşlarda öldü, sadece Makbule (Atadan) 1956 yılına değin yaşadı.

We didn't forget, we won't forget

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in 1881 in Salonika. His father was Ali Rıza Efendi and his mother was Zübeyde Hanım. His paternal grandfather Hafız Ahmet Efendi was a Kocacık Yörük who was settled in Macedonia from Konya and Aydın in the 14th and 15th centuries. His mother Zübeyde Hanım was the daughter of an old Turkish family who had settled in the town of Langaza near Salonika.

Ali Rıza Efendi, who worked as a militia officer, an endowment clerk and a lumber trader, married Zübeyde Hanım in 1871. Four of Atatürk's five siblings died at a young age, only Makbule (Atadan) lived until 1956.

When little Mustafa came of age, he started to gather in the neighborhood school of Hafız Mehmet Efendi, then he transferred to Şemsi Efendi School upon the request of those who left. He lost his father during this time (1888). After staying with his brother at Rapla Farm for a while, he went to Selanik and finished his school. He enrolled in Selanik Mülkiye Rüştiye. After a short while, he entered the Military Rüştiye in 1893.

At this school, his mathematics teacher Mustafa Bey added "Kemal" to his name. He graduated from Monastir Military High School between 1896-1899 and started his education at the Military Academy in Istanbul. He graduated with the rank of lieutenant in 1902. He continued at the War Academy. He completed the Academy with the rank of captain on January 11, 1905. He served under the command of the 5th Army in Damascus between 1905-1907.

He became a Kolağası (Senior Captain) in 1907. He was assigned to the 3rd Army in Manastır. He served as Chief of Staff in the Operations Army that entered Istanbul on April 19, 1909. He was sent to France in 1910. He participated in the Picardie Maneuvers. In 1911, he started working under the General Staff in Istanbul.

In the war that began with the Italian attack on Tripoli in 1911, Mustafa Kemal took part in the Tobruk and Derna regions with a group of friends.

He won the Battle of Tobruk against the Italians on December 22, 1911. He was appointed Commander of Derne on March 6, 1912.When the Balkan War began in October 1912, Mustafa Kemal joined the war with the units in Gallipoli and Bolayır. He made great contributions in the recapture of Dimetoka and Edirne. In 1913, he was appointed Military Attaché in Sofia. While in this position, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1914. His duty as Military Attaché ended in January 1915.

Meanwhile, World War I had begun and the Ottoman Empire was forced to enter the war. Mustafa Kemal was assigned to Tekirdağ to establish the 19th Division.

In World War I, which started in 1914, Mustafa Kemal wrote an epic of heroism in Çanakkale and made the Allied Powers say,
"Çanakkale is impassable!"

On March 18, 1915, when the British and French navies attempted to cross the Dardanelles, they decided to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula after suffering heavy losses. On April 25, 1915, the enemy forces that landed at Arıburnu were stopped by the 19th Division under Mustafa Kemal's command at Conkbayırı. Mustafa Kemal was promoted to colonel after this success. The British launched another attack at Arıburnu on August 6-7, 1915.

Anafartalar Group Commander Mustafa Kemal won the Anafartalar Victory on August 9-10. This victory was followed by Kireçtepe on August 17 and the 2nd Anafartalar Victory on August 21. The Turkish nation, which lost approximately 253,000 martyrs in the Gallipoli Wars, knew how to protect its honor against the Allied Powers. Mustafa Kemal's order to his soldiers "I am not ordering you to attack, I am ordering you to die!" changed the fate of the front.

After the Gallipoli Wars, Mustafa Kemal took office in Edirne and Diyarbakır in 1916. He was promoted to the rank of major general on April 1, 1916. He fought against the Russian forces and ensured the recapture of Muş and Bitlis. After his short-term duties in Damascus and Aleppo, he came to Istanbul in 1917. He went to Germany with Heir Vahidettin Efendi and inspected the front.

He returned to Aleppo on August 15, 1918 as the Commander of the 7th Army. He fought successful defensive battles against the British forces on this front. He was appointed Commander of the Yıldırım Army Group on October 31, 1918, one day after the signing of the Armistice of Mudros. After this army was disbanded, he came to Istanbul on November 13, 1918 and started working at the Ministry of War.

After the Armistice of Mudros, when the Allied Powers began occupying Ottoman lands, Mustafa Kemal arrived in Samsun on May 19, 1919 as the Inspector of the 9th Army. On June 22, 1919, in a circular he published in Amasya, he declared that "the nation's independence will again be saved by the nation's determination and resolve" and called the Sivas Congress to a meeting. homeland.

He was enthusiastically welcomed in Ankara on December 27, 1919. With the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on April 23, 1920, an important step was taken towards the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal was elected as the President of the Assembly and the Government. The Turkish Grand National Assembly accepted and began to implement the laws necessary for the successful conclusion of the War of Independence.

The Turkish War of Independence began with the first bullet fired at the enemy during the Greek occupation of Izmir on May 15, 1919. The war was first fought with militia forces called Kuva-yi Milliye against the victorious states of World War I, who had divided the Ottoman Empire among themselves by signing the Treaty of Sevres on August 10, 1920.

The Turkish Grand National Assembly established the regular army, ensured the integration of the National Forces and the army, and ended the war with victory.

The important stages of the Turkish War of Independence under Mustafa Kemal are as follows:

The liberation of Sarıkamış (September 20, 1920), Kars (October 30, 1920) and Gümrü (November 7, 1920).

Çukurova, Gazi Antep, Kahraman Maraş and Glorious Urfa defenses (1919-1921)

I. İnönü Victory (January 6-10, 1921)

II. İnönü Victory (March 23-April 1, 1921)

Sakarya Victory (August 23-September 13, 1921)

The Great Offensive, the Battle of the Commander-in-Chief Square and the Great Victory (August 26-September 9, 1922)

After the Sakarya Victory, on September 19, 1921, the Turkish Grand National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the rank of Marshal and the title of Gazi. The War of Independence concluded with the Treaty of Lausanne signed on July 24, 1923.

Thus, there were no obstacles left for the establishment of a new Turkish state based on national unity on the lands of Turkey that had been torn apart by the Treaty of Sevres and left to the Turks a homeland the size of 5-6 provinces.

The establishment of the Republic of Turkey was heralded with the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara on April 23, 1920.

The Assembly's successful management of the Turkish War of Independence accelerated the establishment of the new Turkish state. On November 1, 1922, the caliphate and the sultanate were separated and the sultanate was abolished. Thus, administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire were severed. The republican administration was accepted on October 13, 1923, and Atatürk was unanimously elected as the first president. The first government of the Republic was established by İsmet İnönü on October 30, 1923.

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"ATATURK LİFE"

Name: ATATURK LİFE
Author: Robin Baba

Robin Baba

A comprehensive biography of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, detailing his military career, his leadership in the Turkish War of Independence, and the significant political and social reforms he implemented as the first President of Turkey.

(34 pages)

Privacy level: PUBLIC

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