Data collection methods, techniques and instruments/tools

Data collection methods
Are general ways to get information in research. The most common are quantitative (numbers) and qualitative (words and meanings).

Techniques are the specific ways to collect data. Examples are surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, and document analysis.

Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis

Surveys are used to collect information from many people quickly by asking them a set of prepared questions. They help researchers understand general trends or opinions in a large group.

Interviews allow researchers to ask questions directly and get detailed answers. They can be flexible and adapt based on the person’s responses, providing deeper insight.

Focus groups gather a small number of people to talk about a topic together. This method helps to explore different opinions and how people influence each other.

Observation involves carefully watching people’s behavior or events without interfering. This method captures real actions instead of what people say they do.

Document analysis studies existing written materials, such as reports or letters, to find information that helps answer research questions without collecting new data.

Types of scales in questionnaires

1. Simple Attitude Scale: Used for basic questions where respondents choose between two options (e.g., Agree/Disagree, Yes/No).

Example: "Do you support the new policy?" (Yes/No)

 2. Category Scale: Provides multiple response options, allowing more nuanced feedback.

Example: "How important is cost in your purchasing decision?" (Very Important, Somewhat Important, Not Important)

3. Likert Scale: Measures the degree of agreement or disagreement with statements.

Example: "I am satisfied with the course content." (Strongly Agree - Strongly Disagree)

4. Semantic Scale: Uses bipolar adjectives to assess attitudes or perceptions.

Example: "How would you rate the instructor’s teaching style?" (+3 Very Engaging — -3 Very Boring)