This book will address five fundamental systems of the human body: the cardiovascular system, which refers to the heart and blood vessels; the neurological system, which includes the brain and nervous system; the gastrointestinal system, related to the digestive tract; the renal system, which involves the kidneys and their filtration function; and the endocrine system, which comprises the glands responsible for producing hormones.

LESSON 1: CARDIOVASCULAR UNIT

1.The patient had a heart attack and was admitted to the intensive care unit.

2.The patient had a heart attack due to a blocked coronary artery.

3.The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body.

4.The doctor listened to the  patient’s heartbeat with a stethoscope.

5.High blood pressure increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

LESSON 2: NEUROLOGIC UNIT

1. The patient presents with right-sided hemiparesis following a cerebrovascular accident.

2. During the evaluation, abnormal reflexes and unequal pupillary response were observed.

3. The MRI revealed demyelinating lesions consistent with multiple sclerosis.

4.The patient exhibits expressive aphasia due to damage in Broca’s area.

5.The CT scan revealed a lesion in the frontal lobe of the brain.

LESSON 3: GASTROINTESTINAL UNIT

1. The patient reports severe abdominal pain accompanied by persistent nausea.

2. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed to assess the lining of the esophagus and stomach.

3. A diagnosis of gastritis was made, evidenced by inflammation of the gastric mucosa observed during the endoscopy.

4. Acute appendicitis constitutes a surgical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

5. The patient has a history of chronic liver disease.

LESSON 4: RENAL UNIT

1. The patient has chronic renal failure and requires hemodialysis three times a week.

2. A urinary tract infection was detected through urinalysis.

3. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood.

4. The ultrasound showed the presence of kidney stones in the right kidney.

5. The patient’s urine contained proteins, which can be a sign of kidney damage.