Table of Contents

Governments-3 Cold War- 98

Exploration-10 Modern World-106

Colonization-18

Scientific Revolution-26

Enlightenment-34

American Revolution-42

French Revolution-50

Latin American Revolutions-58

Industrial Revolution-66

Imperialism- 74

World War 1-82

World War 2-90

Chapter 1: Governments

Governments are the head or leadership of a nation. There are many different types of governments like unlimited governments, limited governments. There are even different types of unlimited and limited governments. Some different types of Limited Governments are Democracies, and Constitutional. One type of Unlimited Government, is a dictatorship.

English Bill of Rights

After the English civil war Oliver Cromwell became the monarch of England. After his term King James the 2nd son of King Charles. The people did not like King James the 2nd, because he was a different religion. Because of this English people put Mary and William on the throne. The parliament only had one stipulation. They forced William and Mary to sign the bill of rights. The bill of rights had rules that the King and Queen had to follow.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx was an important person during this event. Karl Marx was a german philosopher who came up with the idea of communism. Communism is one of the most popular government systems among the nations of the world. In communism the government distributes wealth equally throughout the country.

Democratic Governments

The U.S was not the first country to have a democratic Government. Democratic Governments can actually be tracked back to Ancient Greece. In Athens Greece the people would go to the voting hall and vote for their next representative.

Chapter 2: Exploration

From 1400s to the 1600s countries have desired to explore the world and discover new places. This was called exploration, when a country makes a discovery were usually recognized by the countries of the world. When a country found a New territory they usually decided to set up Colonies there.

The columbian exchange

The columbian exchange was an important event during the age of exploration. The columbian exchange was a trade route where the old world traded resources with the native people of the new world. Some of the resources traded by the old world are, grapes, turnips, livestock, onions, sugar canes, grains, olives, fruits, and even disease.

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was an important figure during the age of exploration. Ferdinand Magellan sought out to be the first person to circumnavigate the world. Even though he was killed by a poison arrow in the philippines. Ferdinand Magellan was still the first person to ever cross the pacific ocean.

Caravel

One technological advancement from the age of exploration is the caravel a caravel is a small and fast boat, used between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Countries Like Portugal, Spain, and France used these typed of ships. Christopher Columbus used three caravels on his journey to the Indies.

Colonization

The colonization period was an era between the 15th century and 1914. During this era many european nations decided to colonize territory that they had discovered during the period of exploration. Some of the main countries that took part in this new idea of colonization, are Spain, Portugal, England, and France.

Spain's Colonization of Mexico

Spain was one of the Main countries that took part in the colonization of foreign regions. On April 1st 1519 Hernan Cortes sought out to conquer the territory of the aztecs. The spanish easily took control because of their superior weapons. Another reason the spanish took over so easy was because disease spread all over mexico.

Francisco Pizarro

Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish Conquistador. Francisco Pizarro's mission was to conquer the Inca empire(modern day Peru). He captured and killed the Incan emperor and declared the land for Spain. Francisco Pizarro died in 1515 his date of birth is unknown.

Astrolabe

The astrolabe helped explorers navigate. The astrolabe allowed the ship's crew to see the celestial bodies to see if it was day or night. This helped them navigate be being able to watch the stars.

Scientific Revolution

The scientific revolution was an time period. Where scientists started to find reason for their beliefs, instead of being told to believe. During this period scientists like Galileo and Copernicus, challenged the church's beliefs of the sun being the center of the universe.

Copernicus Proposes Theory

Some time in 1543 scientist Nicolaus Copernicus published his book, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium on the revolution of celestial bodies. In this book he proposed his famous heliocentric theory.

Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton was an important figure during the scientific revolution. He proposed the ideas of the three laws of energy, gravity, and different types of math. He is one of the many scientists who took part in the scientific revolution.

Scientific Method

The scientific method was created by Francis Bacon in 1620. This method uses reason to prove a theory or hypothesis. There many steps to the scientific method that help someone prove and/or test their theory.

Age of Enlightenment

The age of Enlightenment was a period between 1685 and 1815 where European government and philosophy changed drastically. Many philosophers like Locke, and Voltaire came up with ideas and thoughts about society Itself. Ideas of the Enlightenment sparked many revolutions years after.

English Civil War

The English civil war sparked by King's unfair amount of power. Tensions grew even higher when the King outlawed the Parliament meetings for 11 years. In the end the English Monarchy was overthrown and Oliver Cromwell took power.

John Locke

John Locke was a philosopher during the Enlightenment. He was important during this time period and proposed many influential ideas. Some of his ideas were natural rights and contamination of people through society.

Constitutional Monarchy

During the age of Enlightenment their were many ideas proposed by philosophers and scientists. One of these ideas was constitutional monarchy. In a constitutional monarchy the Monarch has limited power, and has to follow the laws embedded in the constitution.

American Revolution

Before America was it's own country, it was just thirteen colonies of England. The American revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, and encouraged the American people to fight against English rule.

The signing of the Declaration if Independence

The Declaration of Independence was signed on August 2 1776, the U.S became an independent country on July 4 1776.

56 High ranking american officials signed the Declaration of Independence. Some of the people that signed the Declaration of Independence, are Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and most famous of the all George Washington.

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin was one of the most influential people during the American revolution. He was an inventor, author, political theorist, and scientist. Most important Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding Fathers of the united states of america.

Bifocals

Bifocals were invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1784. Bifocals are used to help someone see from far away and close up. This is one of Benjamin Franklin's most influential inventions

The French Revolution

The French Revolution really started when the people of France stormed the Bastille. Unfair social classes was a huge cause for the French revolution. Many people were beheaded for being on the side of King Louis the 16th. See France as vulnerable Napoleon Bonaparte took power and declared himself First Consul.

The storming of the Bastille

On the afternoon of July 14 1789 French citizens stormed the French fortress, Armory, and Prison called the Bastille. The main reason for this event was the unfair social classes of France at the time. This event sparked the French revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

After the French Revolution France was vulnerable, seeing an opportunity Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of France. When in power Napoleon declared himself first consul. Later on Napoleon declared himself emperor of France.

The Guillotine

Anybody who were against the revolution was often beheaded. The Committee of Public Safety had to make beheading fast and easy. In late 1789 Dr.Joseph-Ignacio Guillotine invented the perfect tool for the Committee of public safety to use to make beheadings fast and easy. This invention was called the Guillotine and was used for most of the beheadings of the French Revolution.

Latin American Revolutions

Many countries in Latin America were colonies of other nations. Some of the countries that were not independent were Haiti and Venezuela. Many of these countries

began to fight for their own independence. The latin american revolutions were influenced by ideas of the Enlightenment.

Venezuela's fight for independence

Venezuela was ruled by a foreign country for most of its history. Ideas from the enlightenment influenced the desire for independence in Venezuela. Leaders like Simone Bolivar helped in the fight for Venezuela's independence.

Toussaint Louverture

Toussaint Louverture was a leader in the Haitian Independence movement. He was a former Slave who became an army general in the Haitian Independence Movement. Toussaint Louverture died in the prison after being captured by France.

Simon Bolivar

Simon Bolivar was one of the Leaders of the Venezuelan independence Movement. His ideas and writings are widely influenced by the philosophers of the enlightenment. Simon Bolivar is widely recognized as the Father of South American independence movements.

Industrial Revolution

In the 19th century people started to move to the city to find new jobs. This was called Urbanization. People needed more products in less time, the government solved this problem by creating new factories. People in the city were very poor, because of this people started to take part in more crime.

The invention of the Cotton Mill

One of the most valuable cash crops, Cotton. Each piece of Cotton has small seeds that get stuck inside of it. The process of removing the seeds took very long. People needed a faster and more reliable way to separate the cotton from it's seeds. Because of this high demand, an invention called the Cotton Gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney.

George Stephenson

George Stephenson was an important figure during the Industrial Revolution. He is best known for inventing the first steam powered locomotive. This changed the way products were transported forever.

The Spinning Jenny

Inventor James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny helped make the spinning of cotton much faster. With the spinning Jenny people could now spin up to 8 threads at a time.