Data collection methods, techniques and instruments/tools.

1.- Structured Interviews

Same questions for everyone. Great for comparing answers and keeping data organized.

2. Participant Observation
The researcher becomes part of the group. Ideal for understanding behaviors from the inside.

3. Surveys or Questionnaires
Forms with open or closed questions. Quick way to gather data from many people.

4. Focus Groups
Group discussions on a topic. Useful to explore collective opinions and emotions.

5. Document Review
Analysis of existing texts. Good for studying laws, letters, reports, or archives.

6. Non-participant Observation
The researcher only watches, without getting involved. Helps keep natural behavior intact.

7. Field Notes (Field Diary)
Personal notes from the researcher. Includes observations, details, and reflections.

8. Controlled Experiments
Variables are manipulated to test hypotheses. Common in science and education.

10. Collaborative Concept Maps
A group creates a visual map of ideas. Shows how people think and connect concepts.

9. Standardized Tests
Tests with clear rules to measure skills or knowledge. Useful for comparing results.

Surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, document analysis

11. Likert Scales
I use 1-to-5 scales to measure attitudes or satisfaction in a quantifiable way.

12. Online Surveys
I use web platforms to easily gather data from large groups.